Synonym(s):

• arbitrary
• unmotivated

Antonym(s):

• natural

Source(s):

CRYSTAL 200331, 108
DINEEN 19679
MARTINET 1964[trans.]29
COLAPIETRO 199374-75
LEVINSON 198314 (conventional content)
LEECH 198324-25
Clark & Clark 1977261 (conventional pause)
LYONS 1977104 (vs. iconic)
SEARLE 196938
SEARLE 197576
MORGAN 1978261-262
MATTHEWS 199775

• CRYSTAL, David. (2003) A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 5th Ed Oxford: Blackwell.
• DINEEN, Francis P. (1967) An Introduction to General Linguistics. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
• MARTINET, André. (1964 [trans.]) Elements of General Linguistics. Chicago: University of Chicago. 
• COLAPIETRO, Vincent M. (1993) Glossary of Semiotics. New York: Paragon House.
• LEVINSON, Stephen C. (1983) Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 
• LEECH, Geoffrey N. (1983) Principles of Pragmatics. Longman: London.
• CLARK, Herbert H. & Eve V. (1977) Psychology and Language: An Introduction to Psycholinguistics. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Jovanovich.
• LYONS, John. (1977) Semantics. Vols. 1 & 2. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
• SEARLE, John R. (1969) Speech Acts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 
• SEARLE, John R. (1975) Syntax & Semantics 3: Speech Acts. New York: Academic Press, 59-82.
• MORGAN, J.L. (1978) Syntax and Semantics 9 . New York: Academic Press,
• MATTHEWS, P.H. (1997) The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.