Related Term(s):

• advanced tongue root (ATR)
• long vowel

Antonym(s):

• lax vowel

Source(s):

TRASK 1996352-353
PALMATIER 1972179
ONISHI 1981595
HARTMANN & STORK 1972235-236
AKMAJIAN etal. 1984115, 117
RICHARDS etal. 1992376
MacKay 1989230
HOCK 1986143
BOUQUIAUX & THOMAS 1992 [trans.]85

• TRASK, R. L. (1996) A Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology. London: Routledge. 
• PALMATIER, Robert A. (1972) A Glossary for English Transformational Grammar. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
• ONISHI, Masao. (1981) A Grand Dictionary of Phonetics. Tokyo: The Phonetic Society of Japan. 
• HARTMANN, R.R.K. & STORK, F.C. (1972) Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. London: Applied Science Publishers.
• AKMAJIAN, Adrian, DEMERS, Richard A., & HARNISH, Robert M. (1984) Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication, 2nd Ed. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
• RICHARDS, Jack, PLATT,  J. & WEBER,  H.  (1992) Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching & Applied Linguistics. London: Longman.
• MACKAY, Ian. (1989) Phonetics and Speech Science. A Bilingual Dictionary. Dictionnaire Bilingue de la Phonétique et des Sciences de la Parole. New York/Bern: Peter Lang.
• HOCK, Hans Henrich. (1986) Principles of Historical Linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
• BOUQUIAUX, Luc & THOMAS, Jacqueline M.C. (eds.) (1992 [trans.]) Studying and Describing Unwritten Languages. Trans. By James Roberts.  Dallas : SIL. 

Domain:

Phonology